THE EUROPEAN UNION'S CONTRIBUTION TO COUNTERING THE EFFECTS OF THE ALMOST TWO-YEAR RUSSIA'S WAR OF AGGRESSION AGAINST UKRAINE
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.55227/ijhess.v3i4.902Abstract
For almost two years, Ukraine has faced the Russia's full-scale invasion and war of aggression, an illegal, premeditated and illegitimate act that represents an attack not only against the sovereignty and territorial integrity of Ukraine, but also a flagrant violation of international law, including the Charter of the United Nations. The brutal military aggression against Ukraine caused destruction, material damages and widespread suffering for civilians, which has led to the worst humanitarian crisis in Europe since the end of the Second World War. Consequently, the dramatic situation in Ukraine has caused new and unanticipated challenges for neighbouring countries, including Romania, given their proximity to the conflict zone. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to highlight, first of all, the EU emergency response to Russia's invasion of Ukraine and also solidarity with Ukraine. Taking into account Romania's status as an EU member, the next objective of this study is to point out Romania's involvement and comprehensive support for Ukraine in the humanitarian field, especially on protection and inclusion of Ukrainian refugees. For almost two years, Ukraine has been facing the Russia's full-scale invasion and war of aggression, an illegal, premeditated and illegitimate act that represents an attack not only against the sovereignty and territorial integrity of Ukraine, but also a flagrant violation of international law, including the Charter of the United Nations. The brutal military aggression against Ukraine caused destruction, material damages and widespread suffering for civilians, which has led to the worst humanitarian crisis in Europe since the end of the Second World War. Consequently, the dramatic situation in Ukraine has caused new and unanticipated challenges for neighbouring countries, including Romania, given their proximity to the conflict zone. Therefore, the research undertaken for this study has been focused, first of all, on the EU's contribution to countering the effects of the Russia’s war of aggression against Ukraine, with accent on the EU emergency response to Russia's invasion of Ukraine and also solidarity with Ukraine. Taking into account Romania's status as an EU member, the next objective of this study is to point out Romania's involvement and comprehensive support for Ukraine in the humanitarian field, especially on protection and inclusion of Ukrainian refugees. In order to achieve these proposed objectives, qualitative and quantitative research methods were utilised, written data being used, but also logical or statistical observations to draw conclusions. As well, inductive reasoning conducted the research from the specific to the general situations, while deductive reasoning allowed to make an inference by going from general premises to specific conclusions.
References
Annual report – Romania's response to the refugee humanitarian crisis 2022 - https://www.gov.ro/fisiere/stiri_fisiere/ANNUAL_STATUS_REPORT_ROMANIA_DEC_2022.pdf;
Carpenter, Michael. (2023). The Russian Federation’s Ongoing Aggression Against Ukraine. Retrieved from: https://osce.usmission.gov/the-russian-federations-ongoing-aggression-against-ukraine-64/;
Charter of the United Nations, Retrieved from: https://www.un.org/en/about-us/un-charter;
Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the European Council, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions, COM/2022/108 final - REPowerEU: Joint European Action for more affordable, secure and sustainable energy, Retrieved from: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=COM%3A2022%3A108%3AFIN;
Council Directive 2001/55/EC of 20 July 2001 on minimum standards for giving temporary protection in the event of a mass influx of displaced persons and on measures promoting a balance of efforts between Member States in receiving such persons and bearing the consequences thereof - Official Journal of the European Communities, L 212/ 7 August 2001;
Council Decision (CFSP) 2022/266 of 23 February 2022 concerning restrictive measures in response to the recognition of the non-government-controlled areas of the Donetsk and Luhansk oblasts of Ukraine and the ordering of Russian armed forces into those areas - Official Journal of the European Union L 42 I / 23 February 2022;
Council Implementing Regulation (EU) 2022/427 of 15 March 2022 implementing Regulation (EU) No 269/2014 concerning restrictive measures in respect of actions undermining or threatening the territorial integrity, sovereignty and independence of Ukraine - Official Journal of the European Union L 87 I / 15 March 2022;
Council Regulation (EU) 2022/428 of 15 March 2022 amending Regulation (EU) No 833/2014 concerning restrictive measures in view of Russia's actions destabilising the situation in Ukraine - Official Journal of the European Union L 87 I / 15 March 2022;
Council Decision (CFSP) 2022/429 of 15 March 2022 amending Decision 2014/145/CFSP concerning restrictive measures in respect of actions undermining or threatening the territorial integrity, sovereignty and independence of Ukraine - Official Journal of the European Union L 87 I / 15 March 2022;
Council Implementing Regulation (EU) 2022/876 of 3 June 2022 implementing Article 8a (1) of Regulation (EC) No 765/2006 concerning restrictive measures in view of the situation in Belarus and the involvement of Belarus in the Russian aggression against Ukraine - Official Journal of the European Union L 153 / 3 June 2022;
Council Regulation (EU) 2022/1269 of 21 July 2022 amending Regulation (EU) No 833/2014 concerning restrictive measures in view of Russia’s actions destabilising the situation in Ukraine - Official Journal of the European Union L 193 / 21 July 2022;
Council Regulation (EU) 2022/1903 of 6 October 2022 amending Regulation (EU) 2022/263 concerning restrictive measures in response to the recognition of the non-government-controlled areas of the Donetsk and Luhansk oblasts of Ukraine and the ordering of Russian armed forces into those areas - Official Journal of the European Union L 259 I / 6 October 2022;
Council Regulation (EU) 2023/426 of 25 February 2023 amending Regulation (EU) No 269/2014 concerning restrictive measures in respect of actions undermining or threatening the territorial integrity, sovereignty and independence of Ukraine - Official Journal of the European Union L 059 I / 25 February 2023;
Council Regulation (EU) 2023/427 of 25 February 2023 amending Regulation (EU) No 833/2014 concerning restrictive measures in view of Russia’s actions destabilising the situation in Ukraine - Official Journal of the European Union L 059 I / 25 February 2023;
Council Regulation (EU) 2023/1214 of 23 June 2023 amending Regulation (EU) No 833/2014 concerning restrictive measures in view of Russia’s actions destabilising the situation in Ukraine - Official Journal of the European Union L 159 I / 23 June 2023;
Council Decision (CFSP) 2023/2874 of 18 December 2023 amending Decision 2014/512/CFSP concerning restrictive measures in view of Russia’s actions destabilising the situation in Ukraine;
Council Press Release 57/24 (29 January 2024) - Russia’s war of aggression against Ukraine: Council renews economic sanctions for a further 6 months, Retrieved from: https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press-releases/2024/01/29/russia-s-war-of-aggression-against-ukraine-council-renews-economic-sanctions-for-a-further-6-months/
Council Infographic - Impact of sanctions on the Russian economy, Retrieved from: https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/infographics/impact-sanctions-russian-economy/
Estrada, Mario Arturo Ruiz & Koutronas, Evangelos. The impact of the Russian Aggression against Ukraine on the Russia-EU Trade. Journal of Policy Modeling. Volume 44, Issue 3, May–June 2022, 599-616;
European Civil Protection and Humanitarian Aid Operations, Retrieved from: https://civil-protection-humanitarian-aid.ec.europa.eu/what/civil-protection/resceu_en#what-is-it;
General Assembly Overwhelmingly Adopts Resolution Demanding Russian Federation Immediately End Illegal Use of Force in Ukraine, Withdraw All Troops, Retrieved from: https://press.un.org/en/2022/ga12407.doc.htm;
Helsinki Final Act, Retrieved from: https://www.osce.org/helsinki-final-act
Key Q&A on Russia's Aggression, Retrieved from: https://mfa.gov.ua/en/key-questions-answers-on-russias-agression
Press points by NATO Secretary General Jens Stoltenberg with the President of the European Commission, Ursula von der Leyen and the President of the European Council, Charles Michel, Retrieved from: https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/opinions_192399.htm
Resolution 2623 (2022) - Adopted by the Security Council at its 8980th meeting on 27 February 2022, Retrieved from: http://unscr.com/en/resolutions/doc/2623
Romania – a safe haven and transit point for Ukrainian refugees, Retrieved from: https://pro.drc.ngo/resources/news/romania-a-safe-haven-and-transit-point-for-ukrainian-refugees/;
Romanian Government Emergency Ordinance No. 15/2022 regarding the mechanisms of support and humanitarian assistance by the Romanian state to foreign citizens or stateless persons in special situations, coming from Ukraine - Official Gazette no. 193/27 February 2022;
Romanian Government Decision no. 368/2023 establishing the amount, conditions, and mechanism for granting lump sums as per Government Emergency Ordinance no. 15/2022 regarding the mechanisms of support and humanitarian assistance by the Romanian state to foreign citizens or stateless persons in special situations, coming from Ukraine - Official Gazette no. 354/26 April 2023;
Special meeting of the European Council (24 February 2022). Conclusions, Retrieved from: https://www.consilium.europa.eu/media/54495/st00018-en22.pdf;
Teslova, Elena. (2023). Russia’s economy on rise despite sanctions. Retrieved from: https://www.aa.com.tr/en/asia-pacific/russia-s-economy-on-rise-despite-sanctions/3095237
The 10-Point Plan: For stronger European coordination on welcoming people fleeing the war from Ukraine, Retrieved from: https://home-affairs.ec.europa.eu/10-point-plan-stronger-european-coordination-welcoming-people-fleeing-war-ukraine_en
Vătăman, Dan. (2019). Scientific research methodology, Bucharest. Pro Universitaria Publishing House;
Vătăman, Dan. (2016). Migration and Refugee Crisis: A Major Challenge for the European Union. Measures and Possible Solutions in the Context of Year 2016, Bucharest. Challenges of the Knowledge Society. Retrieved from: https://www.proquest.com/openview/99bb2c055f1be9a9a4f5311ee5ab0f78/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=2036059
Vătăman, Dan. (2011). Instituțiile Uniunii Europene: curs universitar, Bucureşti, Editura Universul Juridic;
Ukraine situation: Flash Update #60 27-11-2023, Retrieved from: https://data.unhcr.org/en/documents/details/105074;
UNHCR Romania_Ukraine Refugee Situation Update_18 December 2023, Retrieved from: https://data.unhcr.org/en/documents/details/105505
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2024 Dan Vataman

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.