The Evolution of Defense Policies: Trends and Factors Shaping National Strategies

Dwi Riantoko; Eko Prasojo

doi:10.55227/ijhess.v3i1.577

Authors

Dwi Riantoko Master Program on Public Policy, The Faculty of Administrative Sciences, University of Indonesia
Eko Prasojo The Faculty of Administrative Sciences, University of Indonesia

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.55227/ijhess.v3i1.577

Keywords:

Defense Policy, National Strategy, Military

Abstract

This study examines the evolution of defense policies in different countries and identifies the common trends and factors that have influenced their development over time. By analyzing changes in the global security landscape, advancements in military technology, the role of relationships between countries, and the driving forces of national interests, regional stability, and sovereignty protection, this research offers valuable insights into the dynamic nature of defense policies. Understanding these underlying factors is essential for comprehending the complexities of defense strategies, anticipating future challenges, and fostering effective international cooperation to address shared security concerns.

References

Bajoria, J. (2021). China's Military Modernization. Council on Foreign Relations. Retrieved Maret 12, 2023, from https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/chinas-military-modernization

Ben-Ari, E. (2015). Changes in Security and Defense Policy. Begin-Sadat Center for Strategic Studies.

Betts, R. K. (1982). Surprise Attack: Lessons for Defense Planning. Brookings Institution Press.

Bhattacharya, K. (2017). Fundamentals of Qualitative Research: A Practical Guide. Routledge.

Brattberg, E., & Valášek, T. (2019). Drivers of EU Defense Cooperation. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace.

Cybersecurity Ventures. (2021). Cybercrime Report 2021. Retrieved Maret 12, 2023

Echevarria II, A. J. (2017). Military Strategy: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press.

European Defence Agency. (2021). Defence Data. Retrieved March 12, 2023, from https://eda.europa.eu/what-we-do/defence-data

Feaver, P. D., & Kohn, R. H. (2019). Soldiers and Civilians: The Civil-Military Gap and American National Security. MIT Press.

Major, C., & Mölling, C. (2014). German Defense Policy: Is the Change for Real? German Marshall Fund of the United States.

Major, C., & Mölling, C. (2017). The European Union and Defense Integration: A New Era? German Institute for International and Security Affairs .

Mandhana, N. (2023). How Beijing Boxed America Out of the South China Sea. The Wall Street Journal.

Ministry of Defense. (2017). Kebijakan Pertahanan 2017. Retrieved from (https://mod.gov.in/dod/defense-policy-2017)

Ministry of External Affairs. (2018). Doktrin Keamanan Nasional 2018. Retrieved from https://mea.gov.in/national-security-doctrine

Mochizuki, M. (2020). Japan's Defense Policy in the Abe Era: An Unfinished Agenda. Asian Survey, 60(2), 282-302.

Osgood, R. E. (1963). Limited War: The Challenge to American Strategy. University of Chicago Press.

Sapolsky, H. M., Gholz, E., & Talmadge, C. (2017). US Defense Politics: The Origins of Security Policy. London: Routledge.

SIPRI. (2021). Trends in World Military Expenditure 2020. Retrieved from Stockholm International Peace Research Institute: https://www.sipri.org/sites/default/files/2021-04/fs_2104_milex_2020.pdf

Statistisa. (2021). Number of active duty U.S. military personnel, by service branch 2020. Retrieved Maret 12, 2023, from https://www.statista.com/statistics/233814/active-duty-us-military-personnel-by-branch-of-service/

US DoD. (2018). Summary of the 2018 National Defense Strategy of The United States of America: Sharpening the American Military's Competitive Edge. Department of Defense.